Western Civilization World History an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Western Civilization: World History Introduction The geographical framework played a big role towards the development of early civilizations. Most of the benefits can be attributed to rivers, which supported agriculture. This paper aims at analyzing the effect of geographical framework on development of early civilization, problems faced by such civilizations, and the success of the Roman empire in conquering other territories. Geographic framework in which the earliest Western civilizations emerged and developed. Need essay sample on "Western Civilization: World History" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed According to Burstein & Walter (21-42), most of the early civilizations took place along rivers, due to the availability of water to irrigate their crops. Some of the first civilizations started around the Middle East, evolving to become huge cities where trade flourished. This is because the water that helped grow crops, enabled the people to exchange them for what they did not produce, thereby making such places centers of trading. In India, separation from Asia by mountain ranges, linked it to the Middle east. However, just like most of the early civilizations, agricultural production in India began along river Indus and Ganges. The settlement of people along this region led to development of unique Indian culture, that included the Sanskrit, and Caste system among others. Tigris-Euphrates civilization developed along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and further evolution led to the development of cuneiform, the first human writing known. Further development also led to religious beliefs, tightly organized states and astronomical sciences. The development of this civilization is attributed to the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, which facilitated agriculture. Role of climate and geography in shaping Western civilization. Most historians have an agreement that early civilizations relied on rivers for their development. According to Carol and Leslie (36-43), such early civilizations include Egyptian civilization, that took place along the Nile river. Another is the Babylonian, Sumerian and Phoenician civilization, that took place along the Tigris-Euphrates rivers, among other civilizations. These civilizations emerged because the presence of a source of water presented them with an opportunity to grow grains and other crops, that could be traded with neighbors' products, in order to acquire the commodities that they did not produce. According to Reilly (33-54), with time, the water from the rivers was used for irrigation, and people gradually moved to settle along river banks, which led to cooperation among people living there, in maintaining the systems of irrigation. These people lived as communities and established patterns of living, which gradually led to development to full civilizations, from previous societies, with common cultures. The availability of water for irrigation made long distance trade possible, and with time, societies could acquire tools and weapons, which were used to expand geographical borders, through conquering foreign lands. Other places which had unfavorable climate, such as Europe and Asia, made people living in those places adapt to pastoralism. According to Sealey (43-48), they too could exchange their animals and products with other societies, and acquire foodstuffs and other commodities, that they did not produce. Countries with natural seaports had benefits over the rest, since during the ancient civilization there were many wars. Countries with access to seaports could get supplies, and benefited from trade. Such countries attracted huge populations through migration, and evolved to be commerce centers. The major similarity is that most of these civilizations had, occurred due to presence of rivers, which facilitated agriculture. The practice of agriculture enabled these communities to trade and acquire other commodities that they did not produce. The rivers also attracted people, who came and settled, thereby sharing culture and thus develop. The difference is some societies developed without presence of rivers, such as deserts, and these relied on pastoralism. Common problems faced by the societies of the ancient Near East, the Mediterranean, and Western Europe before 750 CE? There were several problems that the societies in ancient civilizations faced. According to Reilly (42-57), one of the problems was the maintenance of big armies, that would be used for defense against external attacks. These armies incurred high costs in terms of training and equipping them, and this cost was largely felt by peasants. This was because the wealthy land owners were able to evade bureaucracy, and the cost that was associated with it. Another problem that faced most of these societies, was frequent attacks by barbarians. These barbarians attacked frontiers and made such societies politically unstable. They distracted development efforts, since these societies had to finance defense as a primary concern, leaving little resources for anything else. They also affected long distance trade, which reduced the amounts of commodities that could be exchanged by different societies. Another common problem with these societies was that, there was no equality, between various social classes. Every social class had its place in society, and responsibilities were done depending on the social class. This led to discrimination and exploitation of the lower social classes, by the wealthy land owners. Women were also restricted from certain responsibilities, especially those related to leadership. In Greece, Helots, who were the lower social group, were forced to work for Spartans and handed over their harvests to them. A successful State in solving these problems. Athens was the most successful State, in solving these problems. There was a land problem in Athens, and the landless threatened to cause a rebellion. According to Roupp (66-73), this problem was addressed by Solon, the archon in 594 B.C. Solon, who had the responsibility of ensuring reconciliation between the lower and upper classes, spearheaded reforms, that were inspired from, Hesiod, a leader who had lived many years earlier. Solon first canceled all debts and forbade future ones, though he rejected the idea of redistributing land. His long term goal was stimulating industry and trade, so that employment levels would rise. In order to achieve this goal, he granted citizenship to artisans from foreign countries, to Greece and required parents to teach their children a profession, so that they could be independent. He also encouraged production and exporting of certain commodities as olive oil. This helped the economy to grow. In relation to the problem that existed between lower and upper social classes, Cleisthenes, an Athenian leader who came to be in power later, helped solve this problem by disregarding noble-dominated tribes, and creating other tribes. These new tribes contained citizens of all classes, which helped bridge the gap between higher and lower social classes. Reasons for the Roman empire success as compared to other states. There are several reasons that made the Roman empire so successful in conquering and ruling such vast territories. The first reason is their military might; they had a system of fighting which was referred to as the legion. According to Kearney (33-39), this was a system of fighting which gathered the soldiers in formations of several lines. This was very effective, since if the enemies crossed one line, there would be more waiting to tackle them. They carefully orchestrated every activity, and there was an efficient signal system that was used between the legions. These formations were so well designed that they increased fear for enemies. The soldiers along the legion would place their shields together, which acted as a wall of defense. They also trained their soldiers using a technique, that made the officers appear more dangerous to the soldiers than the enemy. This ensured that the soldiers always followed instructions given by their superiors. According to Mennell (91-105), they also used a psychological warfare technique, where the scared soldiers in the battle field were the first to be killed. This was done through attacking the backside of any soldier who turned backwards, as this was the most vulnerable part. The third factor is that they trained the soldiers using techniques, that made them have no doubts that they were the best, and this made them brave during battle. This was reinforced by the fact that they were well rested, fed, and professionally trained, on a day by day basis. Afterward, the Romans would develop laws that other societies wanted to emulate. For instance 'social wars' were developed where Rome fought with its former allies, and these cities eventually wanted Roman law to be used in governance. According to Gabaccia (15-22), this made Rome conquer these cities before allowing them to be governed using the Roman law. The Roman government levied high rates of tax, most of which were apportioned to the army. This army protected owners of land, and since it repulsed any attacks from the east and north, the owners of the land were happy. At around 376 AD, the barbarians occupied Danude and Rhine, and did not pay tax, which led to a shortfall in amounts of tax collected. This marked the beginning of the fall of the Roman empire, and by 476 AD, the Roman army could not effectively protect the people, which made them to arrange with Barbarian kings for their protection. Conclusion. The presence of rivers has been seen to have huge impacts on the development of early civilizations. Rivers helped in irrigation, and the crops harvested would be consumed, with the surplus used in exchange with neighboring communities. It has also been established that security was a major focus, for communities that lived during the early civilization. A lot of resources were spent on the army, to deter attacks by barbarians. The biggest disappointment, however, was the discrimination of the lower classes, and women in society. This is a trend that goes on, even today, and needs to be discouraged. Bibliography Burstein & Walter, Donlan, Ancient Greece: a political, social, and cultural history. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Carol, Dougherty & Leslie Kurke, Cultural poetics in Archaic Greece: cult, performance, politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Gabaccia, Douglas, A long Atlantic in a wider world. Journal of Atlantic Studies. Retrieved on October 21, 2008 from , 2004. Kearney, Milo, The Indian Ocean in World History. London: Routledge, 2004. Mennell, Stephen, The course of human history: Economic growth, social process and civilization. Retrieved on October 21, 2008 from , 1996.

Alcohol and its Complications

Alcohol and its Complications Free Online Research Papers Alcohol is probably one of the most abused substances known to mankind. If everyone knew the effect alcohol had on their body, they would probably still drink it; however, there are some people that have realized drinking alcohol only makes things worse in the end, so the people that choose not to drink have superior heath and tend to live longer. People drink to socialize or just to relax; either way, it causes mental, physical, and emotional complications. Mentally, alcohol alternates the whole way the brain usually thinks and acts, which can cause people to regret things whenever the alcohol wears off. Alcohol causes brain cells to be destroyed, which impairs the memory. Also, the vision is blurred and speaking starts to slur, consequently, making the person intoxicated seem incompetent. Physically, alcohol can damage several important organs including the stomach, liver, kidneys, lungs, and the heart. Many different kinds of cancer can form over a period of time from all of the organs damaged. Some cancer can be treated, but there is always a possibility that it can come back. Most of these organs are vital to living; so if the damage is severe, the result can be fatal. Years of drinking can cause a person’s appearance to change, also. Dark circles around the eyes can form, wrinkles will start to form around the eyes and mouth, and the skin color can lighten to look like a pale, ill person. Drinking alcohol can also cause a person to become emotional. It’s most common for a female to start crying and for a male to get irate and start a fight. Alcohol triggers certain parts of the brain which initiates the emotion resulting in drama and a bad night. Even though there are some people that can drink without any of the above happening, it still can be dangerous and the people drinking should be monitored closely to prevent issues. â€Å"I made a commitment to cut out drinking or anything that would hamper me from getting my mind and body together. And the floodgates of goodness have opened upon me spiritually and financially.† This quote was said by Denzel Washington and I agree with him. I believe that because people waste their hard earned money on alcohol whenever they could be saving up for desperate days. It doesn’t make since to spend it on something that will get you nowhere; except mentally, physically, and emotionally ill. Research Papers on Alcohol and its ComplicationsHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Hockey GameGenetic EngineeringCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of PsychodynamicWhere Wild and West MeetPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyLifes What Ifs

Biological agents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biological agents - Essay Example National response framework is built upon scalable, flexible and adaptable coordinating structures to align key role and responsibilities across the nation. The private sector performs essential service missions in times of need. They provide shelter, emergency food supplies among other vital services. The framework incorporates standardized organizational structures that promote on- scene initiative, innovation and sharing of resources and information. The framework promotes quick assessment and response to incidences that require federal assistance. When dealing with any potential terrorist attack, past occurrence has taught that the first necessary task is to make safe the area and determine the nature and severity of the threat. Particularly in the past few years, several instances have been reported when a secondary device has been targeted at emergency responders or armed secondary assault has been perpetrated by offenders, in an attempt to harm or kill rescuers and disrupt emergency operations. Deploying countermeasures along pathways to reduce the threat of a terrorist attack is nothing new. The pathway to a commercial airline trip requires one to pass through a Transportation Security Administration screening checkpoint. Rain concept stresses the need for safe management of biological attack by involving all the necessary institution of the United States. The federal law is put in place to ensure that the rights of the citizens are taken into consideration while dealing with biological threats.

An Empirical study of determinants of capital structure of Essay - 1

An Empirical study of determinants of capital structure of non-financial companies in Egypt before and after the financial crisis - Essay Example The current financial crisis therefore has significantly affected the financial institutions of the world along with other non-financial institutions also. Due to this reason, the overall extension of credit to the non-financial institutions has been affected over the period of time. It is however, important to note that international banks specially working in developing countries have relatively limited contacts or business relationships with the international banks therefore they have not been affected the way international banks have been. In countries like China where the financial sector is mostly under the control of government, banks exposure towards toxic debt is limited therefore despite having the international presence, these banks are not fully affected by these changes. It is also however, critical to understand that there is an indirect threat faced by the international banks due to general decline in the stock prices as well as the falling housing market. Since most of the banks do not keep most of their capital in the form of cash therefore declining asset values will force them to allocate more capital to cover the potential risks. In such an environment there are chances that the overall credit extension to private sector may decline and financial institutions may require the support of their governments to keep them solvent. Theory also suggests that a reduction in the bank credit may result into a decline in the investment activity in the country and this will invariably affect the growth and may result into the creation of unemployment within a country. Since most of the emerging countries such as China, India, Korea and Japan are depending on exports as their major economic variable for growth therefore the current financial crisis may result into the substantial decline in the export business and thus may

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 49

Leadership - Essay Example In Kuwait, Sara Akbar is the female Chief Executive Officer of Kuwait Energy agency (Thomson, 2011). The leadership keys and concepts contribute to leading my new company’s generating high business revenues. My academic knowledge, Bachelor in Library and Information Science, honed my business leadership skills. The textbook concepts equip me to lead others to meet prescribed business goals. Similarly, my being born with leadership skills ensures I can catapult my subordinates to increase their current production and sales outputs (Nohria, 2013). My preference for a business degree is pegged on one concept. The concept states more women will become Saudi Arabia’s future leaders. Within less than six years, more women leaders are capable of leading others. Many family businesses located in Saudi Arabia include women business leaders (Barrett, 2009). Based on the above discussion, women can be equally effective business leaders. Library textbook knowledge hones the women’s business leadership prowess. My academic background ensures will be one of Saudi Arabia’s future leaders of change. Evidently, women like me can be equally effective Saudi Arabian business

Application of Non-ionising Radiation Based Enzyme

Application of Non-ionising Radiation Based Enzyme APPLICATION OF NON-IONISING RADIATION BASED ENZYME INACTIVATION OF BITTER GOURD (Mordica charania L.): A COMPARATIVE STUDY Nalawade S. A, Akanksha, H.Umesh Hebbar Introduction Although many processing technologies could be used to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, the commonly used ones in current food industry are blanching and dehydration. Blanching is a pre-processing operation carried out before drying of fruits and vegetables. The main purpose of blanching is to inactivate enzymes such as peroxidase, polyphenoloxidases and phenolase which cause many adverse changes of a product (Fellows, 1990; Hiranvarachat, Devahastin, Chiewchan, 2011; Vishwanathan, Giwari, Hebbar, 2013). Conventional blanching involves processing with hotwater, steamand acid. The conventional blanching has many drawbacks such as loss of water soluble nutrients (Lavelli, Zanoni, Zaniboni, 2007), quality deterioration (Gornicki Kaleta, 2007) and environmental problems (Bomben, 1977). Bitter gourd is known for its medicinal properties and has been used in various Asian and African herbal medicine systems from a long time Grover and Yadav (2004), Beloin et al., (2005), Ananya Paul and Sarmistha Sen Raychaudhuri (2010). It has antidiabetic, antitumorous, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and cholesterol lowering capacity Ahmed et al., (2001), Grover and Yadav (2004) and Taylor (2002).The compound responsible for anti-diabetic property in bitter gourd is Charantin, a hypoglycemic compound which is a mixture of two compounds (1:1) sitosteryl glucoside (C35H60O6) and stigmasteryl glucoside (C35H58O6) that has been isolated from the seeds, leaves and fruit of Momordica charantia (Raman and Lau, 1996). Storage of raw bitter gourd is difficult because of presence of some enzymes which deteriorate the product quality. Hence, Blanching is carried out before drying operation. Primary purpose of blanching is to inactivate enzymes such as Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) allowing stabilization and minimize the degradation of other quality attributes (Canet, 1989). Peroxide (POD) is considered as enzymatic indicator for blanching (Gunes and Bayindirli, 1993, Sheu and Chen, 1991 and Zhu and Pan, 2009) which is one of the most heat resistant enzymes, therefore when POD is inactivated most of other enzymes present might not survive (Halpin Lee, 1987). 90% reduction in POD activity was considered as the end point, since persistence of 3-10% is considered sufficient for drying purpose (Gunes and Bayindirli, 1993). Conventional blanching method includes processing the sample with hot water and steam. The advantages of electromagnetic radiation (MW and IR) employed blanching over conventional blanching methods (water or steam) are rapid inactivation of enzyme complexes that cause quality degradation and minimal/no leaching of vitamins, flavor, pigments, carbohydrates and other water soluble components (De Ancos et al. 1999).These methods have drawbacks such as quality deterioration (Gornicki Kaleta, 2007) and loss of water soluble nutrients (Lavelli, Zanoni, Zaniboni, 2007). The application of microwave radiation for blanc hing or enzyme inactivation (Ramaswamy and Fakhouri, 1998; Ponne, Baysal, Yuksel, 1994; Begum and Brewer, 2001; Brewer and Begum, 2003; Roberts et al., 2004; Lin and Brewer, 2005; Zhu Pan, 2009; Lin and Ramaswamy, 2011; G.C. Jeevitha et.al ,2013 ;Vishwanathan et al., 2013 ) showing its effectiveness and suitability. From the results of Ramaswamy and Fakhouri (1998), Ramesh et al. (2002), G.C. Jeevitha et.al ,2013 and Bengang Wu et al.,2014 it is possible to observe that vegetable tissue blanched with microwave and infrared radiation retained better nutritional value. G.C. Jeevitha et.al,2013 reported better retention of water-soluble nutrients during dry blanching of red bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) slices using infrared (IR) and microwave (MW) radiations and its performance compared with conventional methods. There are a few reports on MW blanching (Chung et al. 1981; Ramesh et al. 2002; Brewer and Begum 2003) and IR blanching (Ponne et al. 1994) indicating their benefits in terms of nutrient retention over steam or water blanching. The objectives of present study were to: evaluate kinetics of Bitter gourd peroxidase (POD) polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inactivation and determine adequacy of both conventional (water and steam) and Dry blanching (IR and MW); to evaluate effect on product quality in terms of moisture, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and charantin. Materials and Methods Bitter gourd dark green (moisture content 92  ± 1.2%w.b) were purchased from a local market. All the fruits were washed with running water under tap to remove adhering dust and reduce the surface micro-flora and stored at 4  ± 1 °C until further use. The bitter gourd fruits were procured from a single source and almost the same degree of maturity was maintained in order to minimize variation in raw material quality. Sample preparation Bitter gourd fruits were washed thoroughly with tap water and sliced using Robot coupe slicer of dimension 5 mm. seeds were removed manually and used for the study. Blanching Systems Water Blanching Bitter gourd slices (100 g) were immersed in hot water (1:3) maintained at 90  ± 2 °C for 2 min. The blanched samples were immediately cooled to room temperature (25 °C) by dipping in water for 5 min. Surface excess moisture of slices was removed using filter paper and subjected for analysis. Steam Blanching Bitter gourd slices (30 g) were subjected to steam blanching by exposing the slices to steam in an autoclave (100C and 1atm) for 3 min. The steam blanched Bitter gourd slices were immediately cooled to room temperature by dipping in water for 5 min. Samples was subjected for analysis after removing the surface moisture. IR Blanching. About 100 g of bitter gourd slices spread uniformly on the stainless steel (AISI 304) conveyor of IR heater developed (Hebbar and Ramesh 2006) at the authors institute and exposed to IR radiation at a chamber air temperature 200 °C for 8 min. The IR heater, fitted with near IR heat sources (1.1 THz; 0.26 kW/m2) on top and bottom sides of the wire mesh conveyor, was used for the study. IR heat was applied intermittently to control blanching temperature. The chamber was preheated to the required temperature before blanching. The blanched slices were cooled rapidly to room temperature by blowing air. MW Blanching MW blanching was carried out in a domestic microwave oven (BPL, 2,450 MHz) at an intensity of 5.57, 7.36 and 8.8 W/g. For all the runs, the position of the bitter gourd slices were maintained the same on the turntable to minimize variation. Crude extract preparation Slices were homogenized with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7 in the ratio of 1:3. Homogenate was filtered through muslin cloth and centrifuged at 5,100 g for 20 min at 4 ° C. Supernatant was collected and used for the assay. Enzyme analysis. POD Assay The substrate solution was composed of 1.0 mL of phosphate buffer of pH 6, 1.0 mL of 15 mM guaiacol and 1 mL of 3 mM H2O2. To the substrate solution, 50  µL of enzymatic extract were added and the increase in OD was recorded at 470 nm for 5 min using ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrophotometer (UV- 160A, Shimadzu, Japan). Enzyme activity was determined from the slope of the linear portion of the graph relating absorbance with time and expressed as ΔAbs470/min.g sample (Fujita et al. 1997). PPO Assay A spectrophotometric assay at 411 nm using 0.1 M catechol as substrate was used to quantify PPO activity (Weemaes et al. 1997). Moisture content Moisture content of raw and blanched bitter gourd was analyzed using the AOAC method. Values reported are the average of triplicate determinations Estimation of Ascorbic acid The ascorbic acid was determined by 2,6-dichlorophenol- indophenol visual titration methods,(Ranganna 1986) given as follows: Standardization of dye Ascorbic acid (100 mg of l-ascorbic acid) was dissolved in 3% HPO3 and volume made up to 100mL. Further, 10 ml of this solution was diluted to 100mL with HPO3. From this, 5mL was transferred to Erlenmeyer flasks containing 5mL of metaphosphoric acid (3%). A burette was filled with the dye, prepared from dissolution of 50 mg of the sodium salt of 2, 6-dichlorophenol in hot distilled water (150 mL) containing 42 mg of NaHCO3, which was made up to 200mL with distilled water. Then, the ascorbic acid solution was titrated against the standard indophenol solution to a rose pink color, which persisted for around 15 s. The dye factor was determined as milligram of ascorbic acid per milliliter of the dye, using the formula: Sample preparation and assay, the sample (10 g) was macerated with metaphosphoric acid (3%) in a pestle and mortar, filtered, and made up to 100 ml. The filtrate (5 mL) was taken and titrated against the standard dye to a pink end point, which persisted for at least 15 s. The vitamin C content was calculated as: Percentage retention of ascorbic acid was calculated by, Where A= amount of ascorbic acid present after processing A0= amount of ascorbic acid present in fresh bitter gourd Both values taken dry basis Estimation of Chlorophyll Estimation of chlorophyll was carried out according to the procedure of Ranganna.[25] bitter gourd slices (1 g) were macerated with 80% acetone in a pestle and mortar. The supernatant layer was decanted and the extraction was repeated until the residue was colorless. Then the extracts were pooled, filtered, and made up to 100mL in a volumetric flask. The absorbance measured at 645nm and 663nm using spectrophotometer (Schemadzu UV-1800) The amount of chlorophyll present in the extract mg chlorophyll per g tissue was calculated using the following equation Where, A=absorbance at specific wavelength V= final volume of chlorophyll extracted in 80% acetone W= weight of tissue extracted The results were expressed as % on dry basis. Percentage retention of ascorbic acid was calculated by, Where A= amount of chlorophyll present after processing A0= amount of chlorophyll present in fresh bitter gourd Both values taken dry basis Estimation of Charantin Soxhlet extraction About 1.0 g of bitter melon fruit powder was extracted with 200 ml of ethanol for 150 min. Charantin remained in the sample residue was extracted repeatedly in 30 ml volumes of methanol using ultrasonication. The extract was filtered and evaporated to obtain viscous crude extract and purified prior to the analysis with HPLC. Sample purification To purify the crude extract, the protocol as described in Chanchai (2002) was carried out. Briefly, 5 ml of 50:50 (v/v) methanol–water was added to the crude extract. The mixture was then sonicated for 15 min and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 min to separate the supernatant from the precipitate. The precipitate was then added with 5 ml of 70:30 (v/v) methanol–water, and the mixture was again sonicated and centrifuged. The precipitate from this step was added with 3 ml of hexane, and the step was repeated. The precipitate from this step was re-dissolved in 200  µl of 1:1 (v/v) chloroform–methanol mixture, and then adjusted to volume with methanol to 2 ml volume for that obtained with Soxhlet extraction. The purified solution was filtered through a 0.45 µm nylon membrane filter (Millipore, USA) before being analyzed by an HPLC. Analysis HPLC analysis was carried out for the quantification of Charantin present in the sample with C-18 Ascentis column (5 µm particle, 4.6 mm Ãâ€" 250mm ID). The mobile phase used was 100:2 (v/v) methanol-water and flow rate was maintained at 1mL/min. The UV detector was set at the wavelength of 204nm and the sample injection volume was 20 µL. Percentage retention of charantin was calculated by, Where A= amount of charantin present after processing A0= amount of charantin present in fresh bitter gourd Both values taken dry basis Kinetics of enzyme inactivation The reaction rate constant was determined using first order equation Where A is the peroxidase or polyphenol oxidase activity at time t; A0 is the initial enzyme activity; t is the blanching time (s); k is the reaction rate constant (s-1) at given temperature. Decimal reduction time (D) of enzyme is the time required for one log10 reduction in activity of the enzyme (Cigdem and Zerrin 2005), was determined using the following equation: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Enzyme Inactivation The activity of POD and PPO in fresh samples were found POD 4Ãâ€"103 U/g and PPO- 322 U/g (fresh weight), respectively. The blanching was continued till the POD activity was reduced to 10% of the initial activity. The slices were blanched in water maintained at 95 °C (fig. a) and exposed to steam (fig. b) for different time intervals (15 to 180 sec). The time taken for water and steam blanching was 120 and 180 sec, respectively. The inactivation of PPO was also significant during this period. The bitter gourd slices were blanched using IR radiation at 200 °C chamber temperature for different time intervals. The time required for blanching was 8 min (fig. c). PPO inactivation trend was similar to that of POD, with marginally quicker inactivation. The initial content of ascorbic acid was 666.7 ± 2.3 mg ascorbic acid/100 g dry weight .Ascorbic acid is considered as a relevant nutritional quality index of food during blanching and drying because of its low stability during thermal treatments and its water solubility. Ascorbic acid is significantly lost (20– 70%) during water and steam blanching and one of the advantages of dry blanching is the higher retention of this water soluble micronutrient. IR blanching at 200 °C retained higher ascorbic acid (∠¼ 93%) compared with other two conditions.(table.1) The results showed that that the duration–temperature combination decided the retention of ascorbic acid, rather than temperature or duration alone. IR blanching removed nearly 10% moisture, which could be a favorable factor, if drying is the subsequent step. Acknowledgement The Author would like to thank UGC for the award of Junior Research Fellowship (RGNF). Authors wish to thanks Director, CFTRI for extending infrastructure other facilities for carrying out this work.

Essays --

System approach is a process of considering how different parts of the whole structure influence and integrate with each other and viewing problems in a system as affecting the system overall (Dreachslin, Gilbert, & Malone, 2013). According to Curtis, Dreachslin, and Sinioris (2007), the systems approach requires several steps, and these steps are to determine diversity and cultural competence goals in the context of strategy, measure current performance against needs, design training to address the gap, implement the training, assess training effectiveness, and strive for continuous improvement. Providing patient centered care has been the focus of recent organizational restructuring and quality improvement efforts in healthcare (Lutz & Bower, 2000). In healthcare literature, providing a patient centered care is to provide care and to meet patients’ needs. To provide a patient centered care, it is essential to understand the patient as a unique individual. It also important to be able to explore the patient’s experience of illness and finding common ground regarding treatment through shared decision making (Lutz & Bower, 2000). Given the first patient scenario, as a healthcare provider, it is essential for nurses to tailor our approaches to care for this patient. For this specific ethnicity, being overweight is seen as positive, and their traditional cuisine is rich of carbohydrates and sweets (Caballero & Tenzer, 2007). To provide best care for Mr. Garcia, it is best to provide a Spanish speaking nurse if possible, or an interpreter. It is important to educate Mr. Garcia regarding diet changes, for example, exchanging their simple flour tortilla to corn tortilla or pouring off excess grease after cooking. Increasing physical... ...n, gender, sexual orientation, and ability (Dayer-Berenson,2012). According to Goldsmith (2000), cultural competence does not require that patients be treated by using the same methods used in their country of origin. However, cultural competency does create a compelling case for understanding the different ways patients act in a clinical setting and for communicating with patients to ensure the best possible clinical outcome. Both patient-centered care and cultural competence aim to improve health care quality. As health-care workers we are held to the highest moral and ethical codes. Patients trust their lives in our hands. To live up to this trust we have to be respectful and compassionate, knowledgeable and understanding. Respect, dignity, knowledge, and patience are required to gain mutual trust in every relationship especially patient and doctor relationships.

Advertisement Essay Essay

Anywhere a person looks; there will always be some form of advertisement. Billboards, posters, fliers, and other forms of media are visible almost everywhere. Advertising is a mass communication in the world today, and has been around since 1841. Whether people agree with it or not, it’s not going anywhere. Advertisements are essentially everywhere. No one can go anywhere without seeing at least one advertisement. They’re placed on radios, TVs, magazines and even billboards. Advertisers pay media companies to place their ads in such places and therefore the media companies make money off their ads. Advertiser’s main purpose is to influence the consumer to buy their product. They may lie about the product to make it sound better so more people would want to buy it. It can mislead the consumers to believe that any given product can make them popular, or beautiful. I don’t necessarily like advertisements, but I don’t like them either. Advertisements are everywhere, and it’s your choice to read and believe them or not read and not believe them. I agree, they are misleading but how else would people know about a new product or new improved or additions? Advertising exerts a large impact on us, bringing about good and bad consequences in people’s life. An example would be, if you were looking through the summer edition of a magazine and you see a Hollister advertisement on a page and the models are in bathing suits, in which they are all fairly skinny. If you were a little meatier than them you would probably think to yourself â€Å"I wish I was that skinny.† Or â€Å"I wish I looked like that.† That’s the bad consequence about advertising. There’s a huge impact on teens while looking through their favorite magazine or even watching TV. Another reason I feel advertising isn’t the best is, it can mislead the consumer into wasting money on something that either doesnâ₠¬â„¢t work or will end up breaking. The good side to advertising is it can let people know about free clinics, blood drives, and events coming up in the area. Of course, it’s not going to tell you everything about the event or clinic because an advertisement is  something brief about it, and they’re trying to get you to be interested about it. Some companies sponsor charity events or sport events to advertise with blimps, airplane signs; on-screen ads and even t-shirts in exchange for free advertising. If you were to think about every ad you’ve read, there really isn’t a limit to it. They really don’t care how vulgar or misinterpreting it could be, they’re getting paid for it so whatever they have to do to get your attention, they will. Advertisement should have a limit of what they can put on ads.

Bending Water with Static Electricity

Bending Water with Static Electricity When two objects are rubbed against each other, some of the electrons from one object jump to the other. The object that gains electrons becomes more negatively charged; the one that loses electrons becomes more positively charged. The opposite charges attract each other in a way that you can actually see. One way to collect charge is to comb your hair with a nylon comb or rub it with a balloon. The comb or balloon will become attracted to your hair, while the strands of your hair (all the same charge) repel each other. The comb or balloon will also attract a stream of water, which carries an electrical charge. Difficulty: EasyTime Required: minutes What You Need Aside from water, all you need for this experiment is dry hair and a comb. The trick is using a comb that picks up charge from your hair. Choose nylon, not wood or metal. If you dont have a comb, a latex balloon works equally well. Water faucetNylon comb or latex balloon Heres How Comb dry hair with a nylon comb or rub it with an inflated latex balloon.Turn on the tap so that a narrow stream of water is flowing (1 to 2 mm across, flowing smoothly).Move the balloon or teeth of the comb close to the water (not in it). As you approach the water, the stream will begin to bend toward your comb.Experiment!Does the amount of bend depend on how close the comb is to the water?If you adjust the flow, does it affect how much the stream bends?Do combs made from other materials work equally well?How does a comb compare with a balloon?Do you get the same effect from everyones hair or does some hair release more charge than others?Can you get your hair close enough to the water to repel it without getting it wet? Tip This activity will work better when the humidity is low. When humidity is high, water vapor catches some of the electrons that would jump between objects. For the same reason, your hair needs to be completely dry when you comb it.

Horrifying Beauty Advice How to Apply Halloween Makeup

Horrifying Beauty Advice How to Apply Halloween Makeup Getting ready for an incredible Halloween party or thinking about dressing up to scare your colleagues? No matter what your plans for this October 31, chances are youll be dressing a little different than usual. If you already decided which costume you are going to wear, its time to think of makeup! If you havent decided yet, you should look through college Halloween costume ideas we prepared for you in our other blog post. Costumes are just part of the fun. The real art is applying the right make-up to go with your character. Zombies, ghouls, witches, vampires, clowns no matter what style you choose, youre going to need to amp up your make-up skills before heading out. Here are some Halloween makeup tips to help you make the most of this Halloween: Do a Test-Run First Make sure youve got the look you want down before the big night. You dont want to be all dressed up and ready for fun and discover you dont know how to work your make-up skills to match your ideas. So take some time at least a few days before the big event to experiment and see which techniques work best. Do an Allergy Test Halloween makeup is generally a different composition than regular make-up and since its not for every day use, can be a little harsh on the skin. If you have sensitive skin, you should do an allergy test on the inside of your arm to see if you have any kind of reaction. Leave it on for about an hour. If you dont have any reaction, the make-up is most likely safe to be applied to your face. Get Prepared Lay all your make-up out so you have everything easily accessible. Tie your hair back so it doesnt get in your way. Keep make-up remover, a towel and cotton balls nearby. Wash and dry your face thoroughly before applying make-up. Tips for Applying Make-Up for Kids If you decide to help your little brother or sister, try to avoid the eye area as much as possible. Make sure not to skip the allergy test when applying make-up to children as childrens skin can be particularly sensitive. Apply make-up as close as possible to the time youre planning to leave so you dont risk their messing up the paint job. Make-up tips for popular costumes: Clown Apply white makeup all over the face, including under and around the eyes. Dust the face with white powder to avoid streaking. Use red paint for the nose, cheeks and lips. Use black eye pencil to draw a tear under the eyes. Line the eyes with black liner and apply a thick layer of mascara or use fake lashes. If your costume is not ready yet, you should take a look at scary clown costume ideas for this Halloween. Witches Warts For a realistic looking wart, drop a dollop of glue either on the tip of the nose, the chin or the cheeks. Stick a grain of puffed wheat cereal or styrofoam to the glue and let dry. Once dry, darken the wart with brown face paint. Vampire For a blood-sucking vampire look, start with a white foundation and apply white powder to keep from streaking. A classic widows peak can be achieved by drawing one in with dark eye pencil. Brown eye shadow can provide a sickly look. Lips should be painted blood red, of course. Zombie Zombies are a popular choice these days. To get a great zombie look, mix white and grey face paint together and apply to face to get an ashen, undead complexion. Apply dark paint (either brown, black or dark grey) under the eyes and on the eyelids. For scars, whip up a batch of neutral gelatin and apply to face while still gooey. Once it dries, you can apply some paint: brownish/black for an old scar and red for a fresh one. Princess/Prom Queen/Barbie For a more glamorous and less ghoulish look, youll need a different kind of face paint. Apply a heavy coat of skin-toned foundation or face paint to the face, including under the eyes. Dust with powder to take away shine and avoid streaking. Apply silver eye liner under and above the eyes. Use a light blue or light purple eye shadow and perhaps some glitter over the eye shadow for a more sparkly look. Apply a pink-toned blush to the cheeks and pink or red lipstick. Whatever look you decide to use, dont forget to practice it before the big night and always do an allergy test before using any product on your skin. Nobody wants an allergic reaction to ruin their big night especially when you host the party. By the way, if you are looking party ideas, get inspiration from our blog on creative college Halloween party ideas. Have fun and Happy Halloween!

Steel Axes for Stone Age Australians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Steel Axes for Stone Age Australians - Essay Example The article indicates that initially the Yir Yoront group lacked knowledge concerning metals. Consequently, the group’s culture observed a technology characterized by customary Stone Age tools. The group primarily survived through hunting, fishing, gathering fruits and vegetables from the bush (Sharp 34). Furthermore, the group lacked cultivated plants and kept a dog as their only tamed animal. In contrast to other groups of the time, Yir Yoront developed stone axes that contributed substantially to their economy because it defined their cultural practices. However, toward the end of the 19th century, the metal tools and other European materials started penetrating the Yir Yoront land. Adoption of steel axes led to various changes to the group’s way of life. This included erosion of cultural practices. Although Yir yoronts attempted to resist the influence coming from Europeans, their effort was unproductive since European’s culture eventually spread within the g roup (Sharp 23). This article explains the dynamic nature of culture by highlighting the consequences of intercultural interactions. I support the author’s concepts that the introduction of steel axes among the Yir Yoronts led to the transformation of their social way of life. The Axe occupied a relevant position in the context of the Yir Yoront’s culture. Consequently, processes performed by the too had the potential of affecting the behavior of the group. Steel axes were more effective than stone axes. This meant that they offered an advanced approach of doing things. The modern development provided tactical approaches capable of making work easier. The traditional approaches could not match the developed technology. This forced the group to abandon its ineffective procedures. This indicates that a culture that presents appealing processes that lead to development can always affect the culture of another group. The Yir Yoront eventually had to borrow cultural concepts from the

Technology and a Just Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Technology and a Just Society - Assignment Example As a point of departure, technology has influenced human life on the globe through diverse innovations, which have contributed to life transformation. When all classes of people in a society are treated equally, even the impact of technology is universal. It is realizable that, life takes a different dimension for various classes of people in a society when injustice is evident in embracing life-changing technological activities for the poor. For instance, Deborah and Wetmore argue that the technology of appliances pushed the servants to the corner, because they became unnecessary, and the servant class’s children began to go to college. This implies that they transformed into the middle class. This technological innovation represents a mixed blessing. First, it pushes the servants (employees) to the poor class and second, it propels the servant class to the middle class. According to Deborah and Wetmore, he thinks of pushing technological innovation towards a different and modern direction. Dyson asserts that technology should be pushed from that of making toys for the rich to the basic needs of the poor. Majority of the poor people would choose to live in the rural areas as long as the technology is applied to make the places rich. Dyson’s argument advances to the point of proposing that poverty can be reduced through three ways of technological developments, which includes solar energy, genetic engineerin g, and the internet. Advancement of this development will open up remote areas and consequent. On the other hand, the aspect of Embodiment and Virtuality is fundamental to changing the lives of people. In actual sense, expansion in technology contributes to the expansion of possibilities of the virtual such as surrogacy, cloning among others.